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| Culture |
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 All belief and arts which are peculiar to a community or a public is the culture of this community. Culture is accretion of many years. Turkish culture is largely rich and it will be good to tell some basic features in this site. Language is one of the concepts when culture is told. Turkish language is the mother tongue of Turkey. Turkish language represents Turkish language community which is in Ural-Altai language family's southwest column which changed in times. Communities who speak these languages spread from Middle East to east and northeast, especially west. Turkish language affects much language and also is affected by them. Arabic language and Persian language affected Turkish language deeply because of the acceptance of Islam. Latin letters which is suitable for Turkish language has been admitted instead of Arabic language in 1928. Turkish language is agglutinative from the last and statements have no gender. It has peculiar letters such as "ç,ğ,ı,ö,ş,ü" different from Latin letters. Turkish handicrafts aroused a rich mosaic with the coming cultural heritage from the Anatolian's millenarian history by combining its own values. Traditional handicrafts can be aligned carpet business, rug business, sumac, fabric clothing, kerchief business, the art of tile making, ceramic- crock business, manipulation, lacing, leather business, making instruments, stone business, coppersmith, basketry, mining industry, felting, knitting, wood and tree business, car business etc. Hand working and jewelry highly developed. Turkish who admitted secular civil code and its social life adopts constitutional law as part of West civilization. When it is looked in terms of social community, Turks are quiet amiable and hospitable. Humanistic connection is so strong in the family and community. Especially, enthusiasm and coupling can be high level in Bairams. Shopping culture is synthesized between neighborhood bazaars, modern shopping centers in covered bazaar, hypermarkets. Turkish politics culture developed from beylic, khan, sultan and single party republic to multi party republic. Folk dances which have various themes (horon, zeybek, halay, atabarı etc) is played all over the country with their local instruments (saz, drum, kemençe, clarion) and its peculiar clothes. They compose of rich accretions of the most important symbols. |
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| Art |
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 Turks are considerably competent about handicrafts as it is told in culture section. There are so many important works about classic and modern art with this. When the Turkish painting art is told, it can be understood that it is developed under the effect of West and its describing side is modern. When we look historical process, there are some monuments which are rare from Anatolian Seljuks. These are relief and graphics which are drawn on tiles. It is observed that there are heavy miniatures working in Ottoman time. After republic, workings about painting are supported and are observed various tendency, movements and thoughts all together after 1950. Turks presented successful handiwork about stone business since prehistoric period. The oldest samples can be seen in Middle East. Orhon inscriptions can be thought as monumental sculptures. Arts such as relief, carving and damascening come into prominence with Seljuks and Ottoman. These arts gained importance again with Republic period. There are a lot of valuable craftsman about these arts. When we look the literature, the first Turkish written documents Yenisey from 6. Century and Orhon inscriptions from 8. Century .Especially, Orhon inscriptions which is a memoir speech, is full of affluent information about Turkish social life, culture and art. After then, literature continued in two ways with inhabiting Anatolia. Literature tradition which is developed by the intellectuals, who got their education in Moslem theological school in Ottoman time and imitated the Arabic and Persian literatures, is called "Divan Literature". Fuzuli, Baki and Nedim gave important works about this field. Folktales whose creators can not be known, folk songs, Turkish poems, proverbs, riddles, village acting constitute a part of folk literature. Lodge literature (13-16. centuries) is religious form of folk literature. Sufism's wide tolerance and commenting form which is different from religion is an individual factor for a rich literature tradition. The most important representatives of this literature are Yunus Emre, Nesimi, Kaygusuz Abdal, Hacı Bayram Veli, Pir Sultan Abdal. Poet literature which composed of the other side of folk literature consists of the period from 16.century to now. Folk poets who are called amoris constituted both traditions by tripping and struggling with generally their stringed instruments. Karacaoğlan, Gevheri, Dadaloğlu and Aşık Veysel can be exemplified. Studies which are intended to get into west civilization after 18. Century. Effective workings about national literature field are given with national struggle period after nationalism. It is seen that very successful poems are written without using meter and rhyme in 20. century. There are important developments about literature and its field after Republic and respectable craftsman appeared. Some of them are Ziya Osman Saba, Yaşar Nabi Nayır, Nazım Hikmet, Orhan Veli Kanık, Oktay Rıfat, Cahit Külebi, Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar, Peyami Safa, Kemal Tahir, Aziz Nesin, Necati Cumalı, Selim İleri, Fakir Bayburt. Main cinema workings started toward 1950 in Turkey. We can say that these workings began with Lütfü Akad. Annual film number rose 60 towards 1960. By starting from these years, Metin Erksan, Halit Refiğ, Ertem Göreç, Duygu Sağıroğlu, Nevzat Pesen and Memduh Ün produced successful film by fronting social troubles. In process which began towards the late 1960 when TV affected cinema badly, we can align Yılmaz Güney, Süreyya Duru, Zeki Ökten, Şerif Gören, Fevzi Tuna, Ömer Kavur, Ali Özgentürk. In this process, cinema performed mostly social and economic troubles. Cinema and government relationship developed and Turkish Cinema began to mention about itself in international field by 1980s. Films about social, psychological and women rights became prominent in this process. Cinema entered the period in which limited numbers of films are produced but nubile productive. Beginning cinema education at universities, training conscious directors and actors, government's support of cinema are the reasons of this development. Increasing Turk- Foreign co-producers with the support of government and Europe Cinema Unity (Eurimages) and modern movie house can be effective for development and changing of Turkish cinema. Works are performed about theatre in many modern stages. It is possible to see Turkish Architecture works around the world with Turkey. Palaces, mosques, educational institutions etc. has survived until today and this accretion continues its competence about architecture field by synthesizing modern architecture. West and East rhythms constituted a wide range salient composition by combining ethnic tunes in music field. |
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