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| History |
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| Turks which have a rich history continued their being as a tribes, beylics and big emperorship in historical period and its effect is blazing in the world history. All communities’ history which is appeared in Asia, Europe and North Africa was affected closely or remotely by the Turks who composed a bridge between east and west culture from time to time. Turkish race, based on Brakisefal race, is known warrior and migratory and spread the Middle Asia between the Altay and Tanrı Mountains in the act of crowds. Turkish history is summarized with its general line and historic importance at below: |
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| First Important Turk Empires |
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 Hun Empire is the first known Turkish state. It is admitted to establish 220 B.C by Teoman. After Teoman, Mete made a big empire from a small state. Mete who gathered Turks and Mongols tribes in the same land, made war with China for dominating Silk Road and imposed a tax defeating China in 200 B.C. Moreover, Chinese were obliged to build Great China Wall (Chinese wall) because of unhindered attacks of Turks. Mete organized army by separating various units and this system is still used. Mete's acceding to the throne is used as an Army Force's foundation (209 B.C) All the land between Siberia, China Sea, Japan Sea and Caspian Sea were dominated during Mete's period. The empire got into dispersion process even the powerful for a short time after Mete. After then, Turks settled the region between Dinpeyer River and Aral Sea at the beginning of 200. Under Khan Balamir ruling, they triggered "Migration of Tribes" by starting to proceed from Volga to West. Huns imposed Byzantines a tax annually. They protected Byzantines and West Rome from invasion danger. Attila's reign which started in the middle of 400 was the best era of Huns. Hun's domination reached to the English Channel, come to the Romans border and signed the peace settlement with Romans. After dying Attila, dauphins were not successful as much as Attila so that empire broke down late 400. After then, many Turkish tribes gathered under the Gokturk Khan. Gokturks is the first Turkish state which used "Turk" politically. The empire which has so much big lands on Middle Asia, abandoned its place to Uygurs in the middle of 700. The empire which also ruled in the Middle Asia dispersed in the middle of 800. On the other hand, Khazars which are a Turkish tribe, established powerful and a high cultural khan on North Black Sea and Caucasia from 468 to 965. In the Middle Europe, Avars which established a big state between Frank Kingdom and Byzantines directed the Europe politics as much as 250 years (558-805) by dominating the various Germens tribe and especially crowded Islam clans. Pechenegs established a powerful state on Balkans and north black sea at 10. Century after Avars. Following Pechenegs, Uzs and Kipczaks lost their Turkishness after dominating Balkans for a while by settling Europe and becoming Slav and Christian.Between 8.century and 13.century, the most known Turkish tribes which seen, were Uygurs, Kirghizs, Kipczaks, Pechenegs and Oghuzs which was going to establish many important states. |
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| Seljuk Empires |
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 Seljuks which gets its name from its founder, Selçuk Bey, belonged to Oghuzs's Kınık clan. They were representatives of an awesome culture and civilization, domination which ranged from China, Middle East including West Anatolia, Mediterranean beaches, Northwest Africa, Hejaz and from Yemen to Russia's internals by establishing states Central Asia and Middle East in 11-14. Centuries. Seljuks which consists of skilful cavalries searched bountiful grassland and wide flatland for crowded animal flocks and horses. They defeated Karahanli and Ghaznevids for this reason by surpassing their borders. They also defeated Georgians, Armenians and Byzantines armies in time. Conquest movements which continue systematically in west and east, attrition and intimidation raids which started Anatolia in 1067 continued until the Battle of Manzikert which was began Sultan Alparslan's leadership on 26 August 1071. Victory of this battle opened the doors of Anatolia to Turks and Anatolia became a country for Turkey's Turks in days to come. Turkmen clans which under Seljuks domination sent to Byzantine border in Eastern Anatolia by propelling from Middle East to West. Turk invasions spread to Sea of Marmara and conquered Anatolia was inhabited. All the necessary precautions were taken for Turkification of Anatolia. Economic and commercial life which is in its places, flourished by becoming the highest position at the time of Seljuks. They gave a lot of important works about science, architecture and art. |
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| Ottoman Empire |
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 The Ottoman Empire is a big Turkish state which continues its existence between 1299 -1922. It was established Bilecik's Söğüt town and got its name from Osmangazi who is from Oghuzs's Kayı clan. It became big in a short time. Firstly Bursa, İznik, İzmit was conquered, and then passed to Rumelia. Edirne was conquered afterwards and conquests were started in Balkans. Enlargement continued in Anatolia and unity was provided in Anatolia by Yıldırım Beyazıd at the beginning 15.century. However, He was defeated by Timur in battle of Ankara in 1402. Interregnum started with this war in the Ottoman Empire. After this unproductive period, advancing period started. The great emperor, Fatih Sultan Mehmet, conquered İstanbul in 1453 by wiping Byzantines off the map and this event has a great importance in the history. İstanbul became the capital after its conquest. After then, Enlargement continued in Anatolia and Syria, Palestine, Egypt were conquered by Yavuz Sultan Selim at the beginning of 16.Century. Consequently, The Ottoman Empire got opportunity to open into Indian Ocean and captured Islamic world's leadership unarguably. By the way, Yavuz Sultan Selim got the caliph title and this title was used the other Paducah after him. The empire was the most splendid and powerful period in Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire reached natural borders and the position superpower as it is called today in his 46 years reign. The borders enlarged in Europe by Vienna, North Africa, and Indian Ocean. The empire got into unproductive period at the beginning of 17. Century. Economic troubles because of Austria and Iran military expedition, collapsing the manorial system, troubles because of increasing population in social life, being behind the times and bad education caused the empire get into unproductive period. Unproductive period began with Karlofça agreement, and this agreement was the first one agreement of losing Ottoman Empire's land. The Ottoman Empire tried to survive with balance politics by benefiting from conflict of interest between European countries. The Ottoman corroded well because of rebellions and long Russian war. Reform movements were made but were not being successful in empire management. National movements after French Revolution weakened the empire completely and Ethnic groups started to rebel. The Ottoman Empire which was in the same side with Germany and Austria-Hungary Empire in World War I, weakened completely as a result of losing war at the beginning of 20. Century. However, resistances which were showed to English and Anzacs in Çanakkale, were very important. These resistances affected the history courses. English who did not pass the straits, could not help Russia, and revolution process in Russia gained speed Revolution was made in 1917 in Russia. The empire was ended with removing the reign in 1922. The Ottoman Empire aroused peculiar cultural structure with Asian Turkish culture and Islamic culture. Communities which lived under Ottoman domination rebelled assembling or local against the Ottoman ruling from time to time. But, Ottoman Empire achieved the domination of many countries because of staying away from religion, language and race discrimination. They etched very important traces wherever they went. They made a lot of works including architecture, geography, and literature and so on and they gave so many contributions to science. |
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Photo Gallery
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| National Struggle, Turkish Republic and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |
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 Ottoman Empire signed Montreux convention with the winning countries as a result of being defeated in World War I. This convention gave an opportunity to winning countries wherever they want to conquer. In this way, invasions could be made with this convention. Winning countries started to invasions in Anatolia. Treaty of Serves which was signed afterwards (August 10 1920), is the last international agreement of Ottoman Empire. Ottoman dynasty and government, who lived in serai, opened the doors to İstanbul and Anatolia's invasions. The first reaction against these invasions came from district public and then these movements gathered under the name of Turkish Revolutionaries (national struggle). Great leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk burned the national struggle fire in May 19, 1919 at Samsun for gathering all unities and saving the country from invasion. Congresses were assembled in country's various region ( Amasya, Sivas, Erzurum) and Turkish Grand National Assembly( TBMM) was opened in April 23,1920 in Ankara. After that, nation makes their decision which interests them by means of chosen Member of Parliament. Resistance continued all around the country. Military successes achieved with Atatürk, his fellow fighters and belief and determination of the country in the war. According to Lausanne Peace Agreement which was signed on July 24, 1923, New Turkish Country is absolutely acknowledged as an independent in international arena and equal like other countries and Ottoman Empire was over anymore. Republic was declared on October 29, 1923 and Turkish Republic entered a big construction and modernization process. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk who is founder of Turkish Republic, was born in Salonica in 1881. He entered military high school in 1893. He graduated with lieutenant degree in 1902, He continued War Academy. He completed the academy with captain degree on January 11, 1905. He did his duty under 5. Army between 1905-1907. He took charge in Movement Army which went İstanbul as a staff officer in 1909. He was sent to France in 1910.He attended Picardie Maneuvers. He started working under Turkish General Stuff in 1911 in İstanbul. He took charge Tobruk and Derne region in war which was started with Italy's attack to Tripoli, with his a group of friends at the same year. English and French navigations which tried to pass Gallipoli Straits, gave heavy losses on March 18, 1915. They decided to land troops to Gallipoli Peninsula. 19. Division stopped the enemies who were in Arıburnu on April 25, 1915, under the leadership Mustafa Kemal in Conkbayırı. English took the offensive again on August 6-7, 1915. Mustafa Kemal who is the commander of Anafartalar Group, won the Anafartalar Victory on August 9-10. He guided the national struggle after finishing World War I, established Turkish Republic and became the first president. Turkish Republic firmed on the basis of "authority, without any condition and reservation, belongs to nation" and "peace at home, peace in the world". Atatürk made a range of revolutions about politics, judicial, economical and education for Turkey to become it developed country. Great leader died in Dolmabahçe Palace on November 10, 1938. His room and his bed which he died were open to visitors. Today, his corpse is in Ankara. |
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